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• Director
• Associates
  • Clarence-Smith, W.
  • Freitag, U.
  • Pearson, M.
  • Prakash, O.
  • Ray, H. P.
  • Sheriff, A.
  • Schottenhammer, A.
  • Soodyall, H.
  • Warren, J.
  • Worden, N.
• Research Associates
  • Machado, P.
  • Vink, M.
  • Vernet, T.
• McGill Faculty Affiliates
  • Echenberg, M.
  • Elbourne, E.
• PhD Students
  • Ferguson, M.
  • Ghabrial, S.
  • Rath, Andrew
  • Serels, S.
  • Tesfaye, F.
• MA Students
  • Shivji, N.
• Graduate Assistants
  • Chowdhury, R.
  • Sayles, J.
  • Seagle, C.
• Past Affiliates

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• Website Designers

IOWC Associates

William Clarence-Smith

MA (Cantab) DipPol (Paris) PhD (London) Dr. Clarence-Smith is Professor of the Economic History of Asia and Africa and Head of the Department of History of the School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS), University of London. He is Chief Editor of the Journal of Global History and Fellow of the Royal Asiatic Society and Royal Historical Society.

His current research interests include the history of crops and livestock; history of entrepreneurial diasporas; history of Islam and Christianity; history of labour.

Publications:

Forthcoming:

• 'L'église catholique face à l'abolition de l'esclavage dans les colonies portugaises, 1878-1913,' in Olivier Pétré-Grenouilleau, ed., Abolitionnisme et société, France, Suisse et Portugal, XVIIIe-XIXe siècles, Paris: Karthala.
• 'Diseases of equids in Southeast Asia and its borderlands, 1790s-1940s,' in Karen Brown and Dan Gilfoyle, eds., Science, disease and livestock economies, Athens: Ohio University Press.
• 'Entrepreneurial strategies of Hadhrami Arabs in Southeast Asia, c. 1750s-1950s', in Ahmed Abushouk, ed., Yemeni-Hadramis in Southeast Asia: identity maintenance or assimilation?, Kuala Lumpur: International Islamic University of Malaysia.
• 'White servitude' (with David Eltis), in David Eltis and Stanley Engerman, eds. The Cambridge history of world slavery, vol. 3, AD 1420-AD 1804, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• 'Southern Africa and Southeast Asia in the maritime horse trade of the Indian Ocean, c. 1800-1914', in Gregory Bankoff and Sandra Swart, eds., Breeds of empire, Copenhagen: NIAS Press.
• 'Eunuchs and concubines in the history of Islamic Southeast Asia,', in Montira Rato and Raquel Reyes, eds., Sexuality in Southeast Asian history, Bangkok and Manila, Chulalongkorn University Press and University of the Philippines Press.

Published

Monographs:

• 2006. Islam and the abolition of slavery, London: Hurst, 293 pp., (Oxford University Press, New York, for North America).
• 2000. Cocoa and chocolate, 1765-1914, London: Routledge, 319 pp.
• 1991. The third Portuguese empire, 1825-1975, a study in economic imperialism, Manchester: Manchester University Press, 246 pp., 1985 (paperback edition 1986; translated into Portuguese as O terceiro império Português, 1825-1975, Lisbon: Editorial Teorema, 272 pp.).
• 1979. Slaves, peasants and capitalists in Southern Angola, 1840-1926, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 132 pp.

Edited Collections and special numbers of journals:

• 2003. The global coffee economy in Africa, Asia and Latin America, 1500-1989, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 486 pp.(with Steven Topik; paperback edition 2006).
• 1997. Hadhrami traders, scholars and statesmen in the Indian Ocean, 1750s to 1960s, Leiden: E. J. Brill, 392 pp. (with Ulrike Freitag).
• 1996. Cocoa pioneer fronts since 1800: the role of smallholders, planters and merchants, London: Macmillan, 247 pp.
• 1989. The economics of the Indian Ocean slave trade in the nineteenth century, London: Frank Cass, 222 pp. (also special number of Slavery and Abolition, 9, 3, 1988).
• 1985. 'L'Afrique Australe face à Pretoria', Politique Africaine, 19, 134 pp. (with Daniel Bach).
• 1983. 'Business empires in Equatorial Africa', African Economic History, 12, 297 pp.

Articles and chapters:

• 2005. 'El cacao en Chiapas durante el largo siglo XIX', in Mercedes Olivera and María-Dolores Palomo, eds., Chiapas: de la independencia a la revolución, pp. 233-51, Mexico City: Publicaciones de la Casa Chata.
• 2005. 'Islam and the abolition of the slave trade and slavery in the Indian Ocean' in Gwyn Campbell, ed., Abolition and its aftermath in Indian Ocean Africa and Asia, pp. 137-49, London: Routledge.
• 2005. 'Middle-Eastern entrepreneurs in Southeast Asia, c. 1750 - c. 1940', in Ina Baghdiantz McCabe, Gelina Harlaftis, and Ioanna Pepelasis Minoglou, eds., Diaspora entrepreneurial networks, four centuries of history, pp. 217-44, Oxford: Berg.
• 2004. 'Middle Eastern migrants in the Philippines: entrepreneurs and cultural brokers', in Asian Journal of Social Science, 32, 3. pp. 425-57, (original version 'Lebanese and other Middle Eastern migrants in the Philippines', in Akira Usuki, Omar F. Bajunid, and Tomoko Yamagishi, eds., Population movement beyond the Middle East; migration diaspora and network, pp. 115-43, Osaka: National Museum of Ethnology (JCAS Symposium Series 17) 2005.
• 2004. 'Horse breeding in Mainland Southeast Asia and its borderlands', in Peter Boomgaard and David Henley, eds., Smallholders and stockbreeders; histories of foodcrop and livestock farming in Southeast Asia, pp. 189-210, Leiden: KITLV Press.
• 2004. 'Cape to Siberia; the Indian Ocean and China Sea trade in equids' in David Killingray, Margarette Lincoln and Nigel Rigby, eds., Maritime empires; British imperial maritime trade in the nineteenth century, pp. 48-67, Woodbridge: Boydell and Brewer.
• 2004. 'Elephants, horses, and the coming of Islam to Northern Sumatra', in Indonesia and the Malay World, 32, 93, pp. 271-84.
• 2003. 'The coffee crisis in Asia, Africa, and the Pacific, 1870-1914' in William G. Clarence-Smith and Steven Topik, eds., The global coffee economy in Africa, Asia and Latin America, 1500-1989, pp. 100-19, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• 2003. 'Introduction: coffee and global development', in William G. Clarence-Smith and Steven Topik, eds., The global coffee economy in Africa, Asia and Latin America, 1500-1989, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 1-17 (with Steven Topik).
• 2003. 'Conclusion: new propositions and a research agenda', in William G. Clarence-Smith and Steven Topik, eds., The global coffee economy in Africa, Asia and Latin America, 1500-1989, pp. 385-410, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (with Steven Topik).
• 2002. 'Horse trading: the economic role of Arabs in the Lesser Sunda Islands, c. 1800 to c. 1940', in Huub de Jonge and Nico Kaptein, eds., Transcending borders; Arabs, politics, trade and Islam in Southeast Asia, pp. 143-62, Leiden: KITLV Press.
• 2002. 'The rise and fall of Hadhrami shipping in the Indian Ocean, c1750-c1940', in David Parkin and Ruth Barnes, eds., Ships and the development of maritime technology across the Indian Ocean, pp. 227-58, London: RoutledgeCurzon.
• 2001. 'Indian and Arab entrepreneurs in eastern Africa, 1800-1914' in Hubert Bonin and Michel Cahen, eds., Négoce blanc en Afrique noire; l'évolution du commerce à longue distance en Afrique Noire, du 18e au 20e siècles, pp. 335-49, Paris: Société Française d'Histoire d'Outre-Mer.
• 2001. 'The spread of coffee cultivation in Asia, from the seventeenth to the early nineteenth century', in Michel Tuchscherer, ed., Le commerce du café avant l'ère des plantations coloniales, pp. 371-84, Cairo: Institut Français d'Archéologie Orientale.
• 2000. 'Arab entrepreneurs in the Malay world in the 1930s recession' in Peter Boomgaard and I. Brown, eds., Weathering the storm: the economies of Southeast Asia in the 1930s depression, pp. 229-48, Leiden and Singapore: KITLV Press and ISEAS. (earlier version in Working Papers in Economic History, London School of Economics, 44, pp. 58-72, 1998).
• 2000. 'The impact of 1898 on Spanish trade and investment in the Philippines', in Charles Macdonald and Guillermo M. Pesigan, eds., Old ties and new solidarities, studies on Philippine communities, pp. 234-68, Manila: Ateneo de Manila Press.
• 1999. 'The modern colonial state and global economic integration, 1815-1945', in David A. Smith, Dorothy J. Solinger and Steven C. Topik, eds., State and sovereignty in the global economy, pp. 120-37, London: Routledge.
• 1998. 'The rise and fall of Maluku cocoa production in the nineteenth century: lessons for the present', in Sandra Pannell and Franz von Benda-Beckmann, eds., Old World places, New World problems: exploring resource management issues in eastern Indonesia, pp. 113-42, Canberra: Centre for Resource and Environmental Studies.
• 1998. 'The economic role of the Arab community in Maluku, 1816 to 1940', Indonesia and the Malay World, 26, 74, pp. 32-49.
• 1997. The Rivaud-Hallet plantation group in the economic crises of the inter-war years', in Pierre Lanthier and Hubert Watelet, eds., Private enterprises during economic crises: tactics and strategies, pp. 117-32, Ottawa: Legas.
• 1997. 'Hadhramaut and the Hadhrami diaspora in the modern colonial era: an introductory survey', in Ulrike Freitag and William G. Clarence-Smith, eds., Hadhrami traders, scholars and statesmen in the Indian Ocean, 1750s to 1960s , pp. 1-18, Leiden: E. J. Brill.
• 1997. 'Hadhrami entrepreneurs in the Malay World, c. 1750 to c. 1940', in Ulrike Freitag and William G. Clarence-Smith, eds., Hadhrami traders, scholars and statesmen in the Indian Ocean, 1750s to 1960s , pp. 297-314, Leiden: E. J. Brill.
• 1997. 'The economic role of the Hadhrami diaspora in the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden, 1820s to 1930s', in Ulrike Freitag and William G. Clarence-Smith, eds., Hadhrami traders, scholars and statesmen in the Indian Ocean, 1750s to 1960s , pp. 281-96, Leiden: E. J. Brill (with Janet Ewald).
• 1996. 'Cocoa pioneer fronts: the historical determinants', in William G. Clarence-Smith, ed., Cocoa pioneer fronts since 1800: the role of smallholders, planters and merchants, pp. 1-22, London: Macmillan (with F. Ruf).
• 1996. 'Le cacao dans l'économie tropicale, de 1800 à 1940', in Emmanuel Collet, ed., Chocolat, de la boisson élitaire au bâton populaire, XVIe-XXe siècle, , pp. 105-20, Brussels: CGER (translated as 'Cacao in de economie van de tropen, van 1800 tot 1940', in Emmanuel Collet, ed., Chocolade, van drank voor edelman tot reep voor alleman, 16de-20ste eeuw, , pp. 105-20, Brussels: CGER, 1996).
• 1995. 'Cocoa plantations in the Third World, 1870s-1914: the political economy of inefficiency', in John Harriss, Janet Hunter, and Colon Lewis, eds., The New Institutional Economics and Third World development, , pp. 157-71, London: Routledge (re-issued in paperback 1997).
• 1995. 'The cocoa crisis and land reform in São Tomé e Principe', in François Ruf and P. S. Siswoputranto, eds., Cocoa cycles: the economics of cocoa supply, pp. 233-47, Cambridge: Woodhead Publishing Ltd.
• 1994. 'The organisation of "consent" in British West Africa, 1820s to 1960s', in Dagmar Engels and Shula Marks, eds., Contesting colonial hegemony, state and society in Africa and India, , pp. 55-78, London: British Academic Press.
• 1994. 'The impact of forced coffee cultivation on Java, 1805-1917', Indonesia Circle, 64, pp. 241-64.
• 1994. 'The contribution of Africans and Europeans to cocoa cultivation on Fernando Póo, 1882-1914', Journal of African History, 35, 2, pp. 179-200.
• 1994. 'The dynamics of the African slave trade', Africa, 64, 2, pp. 275-86 (review article).
• 1993. Struggles over labour conditions in the plantations of São Tomé and Príncipe, 1875-1914', in Michael Twaddle, ed., The wages of slavery: from chattel slavery to wage labour in Africa, the Caribbean, and England , pp. 149-67, London: Frank Cass (also published in Slavery and Abolition, 14, 1, pp. 149-67, 1993).
• 1993. 'Cocoa plantations and coerced labour in the Gulf of Guinea, 1870-1914', in Martin Klein, ed., Breaking the chains: slavery, bondage and emancipation in modern Africa and Asia, pp. 150-70, Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
• 1992. 'Planters and smallholders in Portuguese Timor in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries', Indonesia Circle, 57, pp. 15-30.
• 1991. 'The economic dynamics of Spanish colonialism in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries', Itinerario, 15, 1, pp. 71-90.
• 1990. 'The hidden costs of labour on the cocoa plantations of São Tomé and Príncipe, 1875-1914', Portuguese Studies, 6, pp. 152-72.
• 1990. 'Emigration from Western Africa, 1807-1940', Itinerario, 14, 1, pp. 45-60 (also published in Pieter C. Emmer and Magnus Mörner, eds., European expansion and migration: essays on the intercontinental migration from Africa, Asia and Europe, , pp. 197-210, Oxford: Berg, 1992).
• 1989. 'Indian business communities in the Western Indian Ocean in the nineteenth century', The Indian Ocean Review, 2, 4, pp. 18-21.
• 1989. 'The roots of the Mozambican counter-revolution', Southern African Review of Books, 2, 4, pp. 7-10 (review article).
• 1989. 'Le problème ethnique en Angola', in Jean-Pierre Chrétien and Gérard Prunier, eds., Les ethnies ont une histoire, pp. 405-15, Paris: Karthala.
• 1989. 'Creoles and peasants in São Tomé, Príncipe, Fernando Póo and Mount Cameroun in the nineteenth century', in Maria Emilia Madeira Santos, ed., Primeira reunião internacional de história de Africa: Relação Europa-Africa no terceiro quartel do século XIX, Actas, , pp. 489-99, Lisbon: Centro de Estudos de História e Cartografia Antiga.
• 1989. 'From plantation to peasant cocoa production in German Cameroun', in Peter Geschiere and Piet Konings, eds., Conference on the political economy of Cameroon, historical perspectives, vol. 2, pp. 483-502, Leiden: African Studies Centre (revised as 'Plantation versus smallholder production of cocoa: the legacy of the German period in Cameroon', in Peter Geschiere and Piet Konings, eds., Itinéraires d'accumulation au Cameroun , pp. 187-216, Paris: Karthala, 1993.)
• 1989. 'La traite portugaise et espagnole en Afrique au XIXe siècle', in Serge Daget, ed., De la traite à l'esclavage, actes du colloque international sur la traite des noirs, pp. 425-34, Nantes: Centre de Recherche sur l'Histoire du Monde Atlantique.
• 1989. 'The effects of the Great Depression of the 1930s on industrialisation in Equatorial and Central Africa', in Ian Brown, ed., The economies of Africa and Asia in the inter-war depression, pp. 170-202, London: Routledge.
• 1989. 'The economics of the Indian Ocean and Red Sea slave trades in the 19th century: an overview', in William G. Clarence-Smith, ed., The economics of the Indian Ocean slave trade in the nineteenth century, pp. 1-20,London: Frank Cass (also published in Slavery and Abolition, 9, 3, , pp. 1-20, 1988).
• 1988. 'The economic dynamics of Spanish imperialism: 1898-1945', in Victor Morales Lezcano, ed., Segunda aula Canarias y el Noroeste de Africa (1986), pp. 17-28, Las Palmas: Cabildo Insular de Gran Canaria (translated as 'La dynamique économique de l'impérialisme espagnol, 1898-1945', Cahiers d'Histoire de l'Institut de Recherches Marxistes, 54, pp. 51-64, 1994).
• 1988. 'The Portuguese and Spanish roles in the Scramble for Africa: an economic interpretation', in Stig Förster et al., eds., Bismarck, Europe and Africa; the Berlin West Africa Conference and the onset of partition, pp. 215-27, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
• 1988. 'The Angolan connection in Namibian history', in Brian Wood, ed., Namibia, 1884-1984, readings on Namibia's history and society, pp. 171-4, London: Namibia Support Committee.
• 1987. 'Le MPLA et la paysannerie angolaise: un exemple pour le Zaïre ?', in Catherine Coquery-Vidrovitch et al., eds., Rébellions-révolutions au Zaïre, 1963-1965, vol. 2, pp. 106-14, Paris: L'Harmattan.
• 1987. ' "The imperialism of beggars": the role of the less developed powers in the nineteenth century scramble for colonies', Institute of Commonwealth Studies, Collected Seminar Papers, The City and Empire, vol. 2, pp. 94-100.
• 1986. 'Spanish Equatorial Guinea, 1898-1940', in Andrew Roberts, ed., Cambridge History of Africa, vol. 7, pp. 537-43, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• 1986. 'Portuguese trade with Africa in the 19th century: an economic imperialism (with an appendix on the trade of Angola)', in G. Liesegang et al., eds., Figuring African trade; proceedings of the symposium on the quantification and structure of the import and export and long distance trade in Africa, pp. 394-411, Berlin: Dietrich Reimer Verlag.
• 1986. 'Runaway slaves and social bandits in Southern Angola, 1875-1913', in Gad Heuman, ed., Out of the house of bondage, runaways, resistance and marronage in Africa and the New World, pp. 23-33, London: Frank Cass (also published in Slavery and Abolition, 6, 3, pp. 23-33, 1986).
• 1986. 'O proteccionismo e a produção de açúcar na Africa Central e Equatorial, Angola, Moçambique, Zaïre, Zimbabwe, 1910-1945', Revista Internacional de Estudos Africanos, 4-5, pp. 159-89 (translated and abridged as 'Protectionism and sugar production in Central and Equatorial Africa, 1910-1945', in Bill Albert and Adrian Graves, eds., The world sugar economy in war and depression, 1914-1940, , pp. 209-20, London: Routledge, 1988).
• 1986. 'International library and archival cooperation: Portugal and Spain', in I. Sternberg and P. Larby, eds., African studies, pp. 179-82, London: The British Library.
• 1985. 'Business empires in Angola under Salazar, 1930-1961', African Economic History, 14, pp. 1-13.
• 1985. 'Liberation struggles and independence in Lusophone Africa in four recent books', Portuguese Studies, 1, pp. (Review Article).
• 1985. 'The impact of the Spanish Civil War and the Second World War on Portuguese and Spanish Africa', Journal of African History, 26, pp. 309-26 (translated as 'El impacto de dos guerras: Africa Portuguesa y Española, 1936-1945', Africa 2000, 2, 2-3, pp. 20-2, and 31-9, 1987).
• 1985. 'What is Third World History ?', History Today, 35, , pp. 40-1, Sept. (republished in J. Gardiner, ed., What is history today?, pp. 158-60, London: Macmillan, 1988).
• 1985. 'Thou shalt not articulate modes of production', Canadian Journal of African Studies, 19, 1, pp. 19-22 (also published in Bogumil Jewsiewicki and J. Létourneau, eds., Mode of production: the challenge of Africa, pp. 19-22, Safi Press: Ste. Foy, Québec, 1985).
• 1985. 'Angola and Mozambique, 1870-1905', Cambridge history of Africa, vol. 6, pp. 493-521 Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (with A. K. Smith).
• 1984. 'The Portuguese contribution to the Cuban slave and coolie trades in the nineteenth century', Slavery and Abolition, 5, 1, pp. 24-31 (earlier version in Institute of Commonwealth Studies, Collected Seminar Papers, Caribbean Societies, vol. 2, pp. 70-77, 1985).
• 1984. 'The sugar and rum industries in the Portuguese empire, 1850-1914', in Bill Albert and Adrian Graves, eds., Crisis and change in the international sugar economy, 1860-1914, , pp. 227-35, Norwich: ISC Press.
• 1983. 'Business empires in Equatorial Africa', African Economic History, 12, pp. 3-11.
• 1983. 'Les investissements belges en Angola, 1912-1961', in Laboratoire Connaissance du Tiers-Monde, Actes du colloque entreprises et entrepreneurs en Afrique, XIXe et XXe siècles, vol. 1, pp. 423-41, Paris: L'Harmattan.
• 1983. 'Capital accumulation and class formation in Angola, c.1875-1961', in D. Birmingham and P. Martin, eds., History of Central Africa, vol. 2, pp. 163-99, London: Longman.
• 1980. 'Class structure and class struggles in Angola in the 1970s', Journal of Southern African Studies, 7, 1, pp. 109-26 (Review Article).
• 1979. 'Slaves, commoners and landlords in Bulozi, c.1875-1906, Journal of African History, 20, 2, pp. 219-34.
• 1979. 'The myth of uneconomic imperialism: the Portuguese in Angola, 1836-1926', Journal of Southern African Studies, 5, 2, pp. 165-80 (Review Article).
• 1978. 'Capitalist penetration among the Nyaneka of Southern Angola, 1760s to 1920s', African Studies, 37, 2, pp. 275-81.
• 1977. 'For Braudel: a note on the Ecole des Annales and the historiography of Africa', History in Africa, 4, , pp. 275-81.
• 1976. 'Slavery in coastal Southern Angola, 1875-1913', Journal of Southern African Studies, 2, 2, pp. 214-23.
• 1976. 'The Thirstland Trekkers in Angola; some reflections on a frontier society', Institute of Commonwealth Studies, Collected Seminar Papers, The Societies of Southern Africa in the 19th and 20th Centuries, vol. 6, pp. 42-51.
• 1976. 'Report on the history workshop "Pre-capitalist social formations and colonial penetration in Southern Africa"', Africa Perspective, 5 (Review Article).
• 1975. 'Underdevelopment and class formation in Ovamboland, 1845-1915', Journal of African History, 16, 3, pp. 365-81 (with R. Moorsom); revised version in Robin Palmer and Neil Parsons, eds., The roots of rural poverty in Central and Southern Africa, pp. 96-112, London: Heinemann, 1977, and later printing; republished in Brian Wood, ed., Namibia, 1884-1984, Readings on Namibia's history and society, , pp. 175-89, London: Namibia Support Committee, 1988).
• 1973. 'South Africa and Mozambique, 1960-1970', Institute of Commonwealth Studies, Collected Seminar Papers, The Societies of Southern Africa in the 19th and 20th Centuries, vol. 3, pp. 174-88.

Upcoming Events

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• IOWC Visiting Lecturer: Himanshu Prabha Ray
  28 November 2008, 5-7pm
  The Greeks in the Western Indian Ocean and the Coming of Islam

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• International Conference on Debt & Slavery
  7-9th May, 2009
  Please note the timeline for submission of papers has changed.

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